CVE-2023-52881

tcp: do not accept ACK of bytes we never sent

MEDIUM
5.5
CVSS Score
Published: May 29, 2024 at 10:15 AM UTC
Updated: August 5, 2026 at 10:24 AM UTC
1 product affected across 1 vendorLinux Kernel

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Severity
MEDIUM5.5
Exploit prediction
EPSS 0.6%
SSVC
No known exploit

Description

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tcp: do not accept ACK of bytes we never sent This patch is based on a detailed report and ideas from Yepeng Pan and Christian Rossow. ACK seq validation is currently following RFC 5961 5.2 guidelines: The ACK value is considered acceptable only if it is in the range of ((SND.UNA - MAX.SND.WND) <= SEG.ACK <= SND.NXT). All incoming segments whose ACK value doesn't satisfy the above condition MUST be discarded and an ACK sent back. It needs to be noted that RFC 793 on page 72 (fifth check) says: "If the ACK is a duplicate (SEG.ACK < SND.UNA), it can be ignored. If the ACK acknowledges something not yet sent (SEG.ACK > SND.NXT) then send an ACK, drop the segment, and return". The "ignored" above implies that the processing of the incoming data segment continues, which means the ACK value is treated as acceptable. This mitigation makes the ACK check more stringent since any ACK < SND.UNA wouldn't be accepted, instead only ACKs that are in the range ((SND.UNA - MAX.SND.WND) <= SEG.ACK <= SND.NXT) get through. This can be refined for new (and possibly spoofed) flows, by not accepting ACK for bytes that were never sent. This greatly improves TCP security at a little cost. I added a Fixes: tag to make sure this patch will reach stable trees, even if the 'blamed' patch was adhering to the RFC. tp->bytes_acked was added in linux-4.2 Following packetdrill test (courtesy of Yepeng Pan) shows the issue at hand: 0 socket(..., SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP) = 3 +0 setsockopt(3, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, [1], 4) = 0 +0 bind(3, ..., ...) = 0 +0 listen(3, 1024) = 0 // ---------------- Handshake ------------------- // // when window scale is set to 14 the window size can be extended to // 65535 * (2^14) = 1073725440. Linux would accept an ACK packet // with ack number in (Server_ISN+1-1073725440. Server_ISN+1) // ,though this ack number acknowledges some data never // sent by the server. +0 < S 0:0(0) win 65535 <mss 1400,nop,wscale 14> +0 > S. 0:0(0) ack 1 <...> +0 < . 1:1(0) ack 1 win 65535 +0 accept(3, ..., ...) = 4 // For the established connection, we send an ACK packet, // the ack packet uses ack number 1 - 1073725300 + 2^32, // where 2^32 is used to wrap around. // Note: we used 1073725300 instead of 1073725440 to avoid possible // edge cases. // 1 - 1073725300 + 2^32 = 3221241997 // Oops, old kernels happily accept this packet. +0 < . 1:1001(1000) ack 3221241997 win 65535 // After the kernel fix the following will be replaced by a challenge ACK, // and prior malicious frame would be dropped. +0 > . 1:1(0) ack 1001

Affected

Our own answer: ranges merged, affected separated from platform-only, with confidence and review flags.

v ≥ 3.0.58v ≥ 3.2.37v ≥ 3.4.253.0.58 ≤ v < 3.13.2.37 ≤ v < 3.33.4.25 ≤ v < 3.53.8 ≤ v < 4.14.3333.8 ≤ v < 4.19.3023.8 ≤ v < 5.10.2043.8 ≤ v < 5.15.1433.8 ≤ v < 5.4.2643.8 ≤ v < 6.1.683.8 ≤ v < 6.6.73.8 ≤ v < 6.74.15 ≤ v < 4.19.3024.20 ≤ v < 5.4.2645.11 ≤ v < 5.15.1435.16 ≤ v < 6.1.685.5 ≤ v < 5.10.2046.2 ≤ v < 6.6.72ee4432e82437a7c051c254b065fbf5d4581e1a33.0.583.2.373.4.25354e4aa391ed50a4d827ff6fc11e0667d0859b256.7 rc16.7 rc26.7 rc36.7 rc48d15569e14cfcf9151e9e3b4c0cb98369943a2bbe252bbd8c87b95e9cecdc01350fbb0b46a0f9bf1
Vendor states this is fixed in 008b807fe487e0b15a3a6c39add4eb477f73e440 (fixed)
Vendor states this is fixed in 0d4e0afdd6658cd21dd5be61880411a2553fd1fc (fixed)
Vendor states this is fixed in 2087d53a66e97a5eb5d1bf558d5bef9e5f891757 (fixed)
Vendor states this is fixed in 3d501dd326fb1c73f1b8206d4c6e1d7b15c07e27 (fixed)
Vendor states this is fixed in 458f07ffeccd17f99942311e09ef574ddf4a414a (fixed)
Vendor states this is fixed in 69eae75ca5255e876628ac5cee9eaab31f644b57 (fixed)
Vendor states this is fixed in 7ffff0cc929fdfc62a74b384c4903d6496c910f0 (fixed)
Vendor states this is fixed in b17a886ed29f3b70b78ccf632dad03e0c69e3c1a (fixed)
Affected range stops below 3.1, so it looks safe — our inference, not a vendor statement
Affected range stops below 3.3, so it looks safe — our inference, not a vendor statement
Affected range stops below 3.5, so it looks safe — our inference, not a vendor statement
Vendor states this is fixed in 3.8 (unaffected)
Vendor states this is fixed in 4.14.333 (unaffected)
Vendor states this is fixed in 4.19.302 (unaffected)
Vendor states this is fixed in 5.10.204 (unaffected)
Vendor states this is fixed in 5.15.143 (unaffected)
Vendor states this is fixed in 5.4.264 (unaffected)
Vendor states this is fixed in 6.1.68 (unaffected)
Vendor states this is fixed in 6.6.7 (unaffected)
Vendor states this is fixed in 6.7 (unaffected)

References (8)

Patch
Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/008b807fe487e0b15a3a6c39add4eb477f73e440
Patch
Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0d4e0afdd6658cd21dd5be61880411a2553fd1fc
Patch
Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2087d53a66e97a5eb5d1bf558d5bef9e5f891757
Patch
Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3d501dd326fb1c73f1b8206d4c6e1d7b15c07e27
Patch
Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/458f07ffeccd17f99942311e09ef574ddf4a414a
Patch
Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/69eae75ca5255e876628ac5cee9eaab31f644b57
Patch
Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7ffff0cc929fdfc62a74b384c4903d6496c910f0
Patch
Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b17a886ed29f3b70b78ccf632dad03e0c69e3c1a

SSVC — Action Prioritization

SSVCNo known exploitNot automatablePartial impact

SSVC signals action urgency (what to patch first), separate from CVSS which measures severity.

CVSS

Attack Vector
LOCAL
Complexity
LOW
Privileges
LOW
User Interaction
NONE
Scope
UNCHANGED
Confidentiality
NONE
Integrity
NONE
Availability
HIGH
Vector?

Quick Info

StatusMODIFIED
CWE
NVD-CWE-noinfo

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